Abstract:
Contaminated land poses a serious problem with respect to soil quality and the risk of spreading of pollutants into other compartments of the environment such as groundwater. Under certain conditions, groundwater contamination remains restricted to a tolerable extent because of Natural Attenuation processes. In this study the size of these so called steady state plumes is evaluated by 2D and 1D modelling of homogeneous aquifers. For simplified conditions, if longitudinal mixing is negligible, scenarios can be modelled using a 1D domain in the direction vertical to flow. Sensitivity of the plume length on biodegradation kinetics, flow velocity, transverse vertical dispersivity alpha/t, the source and aquifer geometry and reaction stoichiometry was analysed. It was found, that for many readily biodegradable compounds, mixing due to transverse dispersion rather than reaction kinetics are the overall limiting factor for Natural Attenuation. If alpha/t and aquifer- and source geometry of a contaminant plume are known, the length of the steady state plume can be predicted.
Numerical simulations were performed in order to assess the diffusive spreading of volatile fuel constituents from a spill in the unsaturated zone and their biodegradation for the Vaerlose field experiment, Denmark. Sensitivity analyses illustrate that the net attenuation rates depend mainly on partitioning parameters such as Henry's Law constant of the fuel constituents, on the biological degradation rate constant, the depth of the source above the water table and to a lesser extent on soil water content and temperature. The measured field data of 14 NAPL compounds, oxygen and reaction products were reproduced by the model MIN3P. However, agreement was significantly enhanced if temporal variations of temperature and water content were implemented. By fitting measured soil gas concentrations in the unsaturated zone using the numerical models, estimates of aerobic biodegradation rate constants were obtained. The mass balance of the field site model indicates that most of the contaminant mass degasses to the atmosphere. Biodegradation was found to be important for compounds with low Henry's law constant (BTEX) and for heavier n-alkanes which showed very high degradation rate constants. The emission into groundwater could be determined after the processes in the unsaturated zone were quantified. Compared to measured pollutant concentrations in groundwater, which were detectable in a small area below the emplaced source, the model yielded qualitative agreement when vertical dispersivity in the capillary fringe was in the range of centimetres.
A risk of groundwater contamination was found for compounds which show both, low Henry’s law constant and low biodegradation rate constant. Quantification of biodegradation appears to be the most crucial task for risk assessment in the unsaturated zone.