Abstract:
Object behavior is a special aspect of humans and human cognition. In our everyday life, we are closely connected to objects. We are surrounded by them and they allow us to solve problems, achieve objectives and cope with daily as well as exceptional tasks. Because of that, they can be interpreted as tools in the broadest sense. During tool use, thoughts and cognitive abilities are manifested in the object itself. One aspect of the necessary cognitive capacities for tool behavior is the enhancement of the distance between a problem and its solution. The usage of objects is only possible, if the satisfaction of a goal or need does not have to take place immediately after the perception of it. This applies for every tool use and across all species. Therefore, the problem-solution-distance can be used as a neutral measure for comparing behavior. The tool use of great apes is of special interest because of their close relationship to Homo sapiens. By comparing the abilities of these species, we can gain information about the evolution of tool use and cognition of all primates, including our ancestors. Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), as our closest living relatives, are of particular importance, as they share a genetic similarity of 98 % and have the most diverse tool use in the animal kingdom. The Volume “Das Werkzeugverhalten der Schimpansen. Kognitive Variabilität, Flexibilität und Komplexität” examines the tool use of wild chimpanzees under consideration of cognitive flexibility, variability and complexity and addresses differences and similarities to early human tool behavior. The first three parts are meant to give an overview of the state of research, the objective of the volume, the approach, the taxonomic classification, distribution and way of life of Pan troglodytes as well as the definition of tool use, which is applied in this work. The following section deals with data acquisition and an initial evaluation of the tool use of chimpanzees, concerning number and context of tool behaviors, tool types, raw materials, modifications and frequency of use. In the fifth part, the method cognigrams is introduced and their meaning for the analyses is exemplified. Afterwards in the sixth section, the focus lies on a detailed analysis of tool behavior of Pan troglodytes, by reconstructing several behaviors in cognigrams and by assessing the problem-solution-distance. The crucial point is to evaluate, how variable, flexible and complex the tool use of chimpanzees is and thus, insights into the innovativeness are gained. In conclusion, the results and the new obtained findings regarding the variability, flexibility and complexity of chimpanzee tool use are summarized and discussed. Special attention is given to the similarities and differences to early human tool behaviour.