Abstract:
The Predictive Articulatory speech synthesis Utilizing Lexical Embeddings (PAULE)
model is a new control model for the VocalTractLab (VTL) [15] speech synthesizer, a simulator of the human speech system. It is capable of synthesizing single words in the German language. The speech synthesis can be based on a target semantic vector or on target acoustics, i.e., a recorded word token. VTL is controlled by 30 parameters. These parameters have to be estimated for each time point during the production of a word, which is roughly every 2.5 milliseconds. The time-series of these 30 control parameters (cps) of the VTL are the control parameter trajectories (cp-trajectories). The high dimensionality of the cp-trajectories in combination with non-linear interactions leads to a many-to-one mapping problem, where many sets of cp-trajectories produce highly similar synthesized audio.
PAULE solves this many-to-one mapping problem by anticipating the effects of cp-
trajectories and minimizing a semantic and acoustic error between this nticipation
and a targeted meaning and acoustics. The quality of the anticipation is improved by an outer loop, where PAULE listens to itself. PAULE has three central design features that distinguish it from other control models: First, PAULE does not use any symbolic units, neither motor primitives, articulatory targets, or gestural scores on the movement side, nor any phone or syllable representation on the acoustic side. Second, PAULE is a learning model that accumulates experience with articulated words. As a consequence, PAULE will not find a global optimum for the inverse kinematic optimization task it has to solve. Instead, it finds a local optimum that is conditioned on its past experience. Third, PAULE uses gradient-based internal prediction errors of a predictive forward model to plan cp-trajectories for a given semantic or acoustic target. Thus, PAULE is an
error-driven model that takes its previous experiences into account.
Pilot study results indicate that PAULE is able to minimize an acoustic semantic and acoustic error in the resynthesized audio. This allows PAULE to find cp-trajectories that are correctly classified by a classification model as the correct word with an accuracy of 60 %, which is close to the accuracy for human recordings of 63 %. Furthermore, PAULE seems to model vowel-to-vowel anticipatory coarticulation in terms of formant shifts correctly and can be compared to human electromagnetic articulography (EMA) recordings in a straightforward way. Furthermore, with PAULE it is possible to condition
on already executed past cp-trajectories and to smoothly continue the cp-trajectories from the current state. As a side-effect of developing PAULE, it is possible to create large amounts of training data for the VTL through an automated segment-based approach.
Next steps, in the development of PAULE, include adding a somatosensory feedback channel, extending PAULE from producing single words to the articulation of small utterances and adding a thorough evaluation.