Abstract:
Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus ΔH is a thermophilic, methanogenic archaeon that grows with hydrogen as the sole electron and carbon dioxide as the sole carbon source. Due to its fast and robust growth, M. thermautotrophicus ΔH has been a model microbe for hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis for decades. Recently, there has been increased commercial interest in M. thermautotrophicus ΔH in industrial biomethanation due to its high methane production rates.
However, a lack of genetic tools hindered further basic research and industrial applications for a long time. The first genetic system for M. thermautotrophicus ΔH was recently established (Fink et al. 2021). While this was a significant step for research with M. thermautotrophicus ΔH and methanogens in general, additional genetic tools are required to fully unlock the potential of the genetic system.
In this study, we present important additions to the genetic toolbox for M. thermautotrophicus ΔH. So far, the only selection marker was a thermostable neomycin resistance cassette. We investigated several potential selection markers based on mupirocin resistance, puromycin resistance, and formate prototrophy. We could show that the formate dehydrogenase (fdh) operon from M. thermautotrophicus Z-245 enables M. thermautotrophicus ΔH to utilize formate as an alternative growth substrate. Also, we could show that this can be directly used to select recombinant cells based on their formate prototrophy, thus establishing the fdh operon as the second selection marker and as the first one with no spontaneous growth of wild-type cells under selection pressure.
In addition, we also investigated alternative transformation methods. Previously, M. thermautotrophicus ΔH was only transformable via conjugation. Here, we expanded the available transformation methods by establishing an electroporation protocol. Furthermore, we investigated tools for genome editing. Until now, all genome editing in M. thermautotrophicus ΔH was based on homologous recombination. We established a CRISPR system based on a thermostable Cas9 (ThermoCas9) and could show that this system is suitable for traceless genome editing in M. thermautotrophicus ΔH.