Abstract:
Background
Malaria remains one of the deadliest infectious diseases in the world causing 250 million cases annually. Elimination efforts, focusing mostly on the species with highest morbidity and mortality, P. falciparum and P. vivax, have been stalling for some years. Scientific evidence of the last decades points to the importance of the other human malaria pathogens. One of these pathogens, Plasmodium malariae, causes mostly chronic infections and has not been studied intensively so far. The COMAL study is a comprehensive study package aiming at investigating the cryptic burden of Plasmodium malariae. This dissertation focuses on elucidating the epidemiology and the burden of this parasite in Gabon and Cameroon and sheds light on possible interactions of P. malariae and P. falciparum in mixed infections.
Methods
As a part of the COMAL work package 1 household based cross-sectional studies were conducted in Gabon and Cameroon, in both dry and rainy seasons. During these surveys, venous blood, mosquitoes and anthropometric data were collected from 1,584 clinically asymptomatic individuals. After sampling, microscopy was performed on all blood samples to identify possible patent Plasmodium infections. At the Institute of Tropical Medicine in Tübingen, RNA was extracted from the blood collected into PaxGene® tubes using a magnetic-beads-based approach. On the eluate a singleplex qRT-PCR was run, to detect P. falciparum and P. malariae in the samples at a sensitivity of 5-10 parasites per mL. 1,557 samples were included into the final analysis.
Results
This study has three main findings concerning Plasmodium malariae.
The first and most important finding is the new knowledge acquired about the epidemiological characteristics of P. malariae in Gabon and Cameroon. Highly sensitive qPCR revealed much higher prevalence rates than were detected by light microscopy, indicating the presence of a large number of chronic infections with low-level submicroscopic parasitemia. In blood samples from Gabon this study found 8% P. malariae mono-infections and 30% P. falciparum – P. malariae co-infections. 47% of individuals showed a P. falciparum mono- infection, and only 16% of samples were tested negative. In Cameroon, 4% of all samples were identified as P. malariae mono-infections and 48% as P. falciparum – P. malariae co-infections. Almost half of all samples, 45%, were shown to be P. falciparum mono-infections, and only 4% of the samples were found to be negative. In both countries Plasmodium prevalence was highest in adolescents aged 12-19 years. In Gabon, P. malariae mono-infections occurred significantly more often in individuals older than 60 years. Overall, the epidemiological situations in the two countries differed from one another: in Cameroon the sampled population was found to have a higher prevalence of malaria infections with more microscopically detectable yet subclinical infections and a clear correlation of age with Ct values, pointing towards rising levels of acquired immunity with age. In Gabon the prevalence was slightly lower than in Cameroon, with more submicroscopic infections and less impact of age on Ct values.
The second main finding of this study is the impact of Plasmodium malariae infections on hemoglobin levels in children and adolescents. Indeed, hemoglobin levels in children infected with P. malariae were significantly reduced compared to children not infected with P. malariae, adding a clinical significance to the previously unknown high burden of Plasmodium malariae.
Thirdly, in mixed infections of the two parasites, higher median P. malariae Ct values were found as compared to mono-infections. This indicates a lower parasitemia in mixed infections and might point towards a possible interaction between P. malariae and P. falciparum.
Conclusion
This study reveals the large amount of subclinical and submicroscopic P. malariae infections in Gabon and Cameroon. With a relevant impact on hemoglobin levels in children, this pathogen has thus proven that it constitutes a high burden in affected countries that has to be taken seriously. It is time to stop neglecting and to start studying Plasmodium malariae more intensively. For any success in the elimination efforts against malaria it is of utmost importance to further study this pathogen, its biology and its vectors. Finally, the overall large amount of subclinical chronic infections of both P. malariae and P. falciparum constitutes an enormous reservoir of transmission for malaria and needs to be taken into account for future elimination strategies.