Abstract:
Fractured aquifers are extremely heterogeneous considering their hydraulic characteristics. Flow and transport occurs predominantly in fractures and conduits, although only a very small part of the cross-sectional area of the aquifer is occupied by fractures and conduits. Due to the inaccessibility and the low frequency of the fractures, their investigation is difficult, and therefore there is usually a lack of data on their distribution and hydraulic parameters.
This study presents a new approach for the determination of the parameters of the fractures and their statistic distribution in the aquifer. The approach is based on the analysis of just one parameter of the spring water: the temperature.
In order to understand the heat transport processes, the approach is developed starting with the analysis of tracer transport in single fractures. The analysis of breakthrough curves of a tracer at the outlet of a single fracture has been described previously by numerous authors, and allows the determination of the fracture volume, the darcy-velocity and the average fractureaperture. According to the results presented in this study, the information obtained from a tracer breakthrough curve can be extended by varying the flow rate. The analysis of the output signal of a tracer that passes the fracture with varying flow rate allows the determination of the above parameters and additionally their distribution in space.
This also applies for fracture networks. If a fracture network - e.g. of a natural aquifer - displays a non-uniform distribution of fracture volume and -apertures in space, this distribution shows up in the breakthrough curve of a tracer if the flow rate varies.
Due to the varying parameters in space (fracture parameters) and time (flow rate), the analysis of the breakthrough curve can only be carried out using a numerical model. Such a model has been applied for the analysis of the spring water temperature of the Gallusquelle, the spring of a karstic aquifer located in the Schwäbische Alb (a mountain range in SW-Germany). The input of heat as a tracer into the aquifer occurs during natural recharge events. Recharge events provide an area1 input into the aquifer which causes every (hydraulically active) fracture to produce an output signal at the spring. The analysis of the output signal in the spring yields the total volume of fractures, the average fracture aperture and the distribution of volume and aperture within the cachment area. Using these data, darcy velocities and residence times can be determined.
For the simulation of transport processes in a fracture network, a new approach has been developed - the concept of the equivalent fracture. It is shown, that under certain conditions, the sum of transport processes in a fracture network and the correspondent breakthrough at the outlet, can be described by assuming, that the transport processes in a fracture network can approximately be described using one single fracture - the equivalent fracture. The transport simulation using the equivalent fracture requires less computing time and reduces the number of calibration variables as compared to the simulation of transport in a fracture network.
From the parameters of the equivalent fracture, the parameters of the natural fracture network can be derived: The statistical distribution of the fractures in the aquifer, fracture parameters (fracture volume and -aperture) and their distribution in the cachment area. Using these parameters, a prognostic transport simulation and residence time calculations can be performed.