Abstract:
Autoimmune inflammation potentially arises through aberrant reactions of innate or adaptive immunity. This results in cellular destruction and the failure to heal the inflamed tissue, complications which are seen in SLE and AD. The present study has as overarching theme the understanding of inflammatory mechanisms in both diseases. One major autoAg in SLE is the nucleosome. (1) We report here that nucleosomes from SLE patients’ plasmas induce the secretion of inflammatory mediators in neutrophils (PMN, polymorphonuclear leukocytes). Nucleosome-induced activation occurred independently of endotoxins, endosomal acidification, unmethylated cytosine-phosphate-guanosine (CpG)-motifs and Toll-like receptor (TLR) 9. Thus, the signaling pathway used is different from the classical pathway of unmethylated CpG-oligonucleotides (ODN). TLR9 might play different roles in nucleosome-induced innate immunity and anti-nucleosome autoimmunity. (2) We followed initial results by Viktoria Rönnefarth and report TLR9 expression at the cell surface of primary PMN. Cell surface TLR9 recognizes CpG-ODN and is functional, leading to PMN activation. Thus, we describe a novel pathway for DNA-recognition and PMN activation. The assembly
of misfolded Abeta in AD is accompanied by microgliosis. (3) Close examination of infiltrating and CNS-resident immune cells lead to the identification of dendritic-like microglia. Characterization in transgenic (tg) AD mice as well as in human brain material, demonstrated that these microglia possess a high activity of phagocytosing Abeta ex vivo. However, this mechanism is highly regulated in vivo by the expression of several inhibitory signals. We were not able to restore the phagocytosing activity of dendritic-like microglia by simply ablating the gene for Programmed Death (PD)-1, which was highly and exclusively expressed on dendritic-like microglia. Our data solidify the interpretation that microglial activation is more complex than a simple all-ornothing process. Depending on the stimulus and biochemical environment, a wide range of qualitatively different immune responses may be elicited in vivo. The next important step is to develop a thorough understanding of how all these tightly regulated effector mechanisms of PMN and microglia can be modulated to produce qualitatively desired outcomes in SLE and AD. This knowledge is likely to advance our understanding of immune dysregulation and hyperactivation, which not only provides novel insight in pathomechanisms but also has implications for our current understanding of autoimmune inflammation.