Abstract:
Eryptosis or apoptosis-like death of erythrocytes is characterized by phosphatidylserine
exposure and erythrocyte shrinkage, both typical features of nucleated apoptotic cells. Eryptosis is triggered by activation of non-selective Ca2+-permeable cation channels with subsequent entry of Ca2+ and stimulation of Ca2+-sensitive scrambling of the cell membrane. Apart from increased cytosolic Ca2+ activity enhanced ceramide levels also lead to membrane scrambling with subsequent phosphatidylserine exposure.
Eryptosis is triggered by Cl- removal, osmotic shock, oxidative stress or glucose deprivation.
Fetal erythrocytes show distinctive characteristics. Postpartum they are rapidly cleared from the peripheral blood-stream. The present work compares susceptibility to eryptosis in fetal and adult erythrocytes. Channel activity was determined utilizing patch clamp, cytosolic Ca2+ activity by Fluo3 fluorescence, phosphatidylserine exposure by FITC-labelled annexin-V binding, and cell shrinkage by decrease of forward scatter in FACS analysis. PGE2 formation, cation channel activity, Ca2+ entry, annexin-V binding and decrease of forward scatter were triggered by removal of Cl- in both, adult and fetal erythrocytes. The effects were, however, significantly blunted in fetal erythrocytes. Osmotic shock, PGE2 and PAF similarly increased annexin V binding and decreased forward scatter, effects again significantly reduced in fetal erythrocytes. On the other hand, spontaneous and oxidative stress (addition of tertbutylperoxide)-induced eryptosis was significantly larger in fetal erythrocytes. Eryptosis triggered by glucose deprivation was enhanced in fetal erythrocytes. Ceramide formation seems to be less apparent in fetal erythrocytes, albeit there was no significant difference.
In conclusion, cation channel activity, Ca2+ leak and thus channel-dependent triggering of eryptosis are blunted, whereas spontaneous, oxidative stress- and glucose deprivation-induced eryptosis is more pronounced in fetal erythrocytes. These findings render possible explanations for the physiological anemia of the newborn and the anemia of prematurity.